Arduino is an open source hardware kit that widely used by any electronic control and automation geeks around the world. Analog data acquisition system is useful things inside Arduino. By default, ADC programming system inside Arduino setting up in single ended mode. Means analog input in range only from 0V to +5V, or in another way from 0V to Vref, there are no negative input on Arduino analog pin.
I try to make Arduino enabled their differential input support (read ATmega2560 datasheet p.290-292 table 26-4). Other way, also I try to enabling gain inside ATmega2560 microcontroller. So, you can use this differential input ±4.5V (read datasheet p379) for your analog data acquisition system and use analog input with gain 1x, 10x, or 200x. This wiring_differential.c is a modification from wiring_analog.c inside Arduino.
/*
wiring_differential.c - analog differential input
by Muh Nahdhi Ahsan http://sekarlangit.com/arduino-differential-gain.php
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General
Public License along with this library; if not, write to the
Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330,
Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
wiring_differential.c modified from wiring_analog.c
wiring_analog.c - Copyright (c) 2005-2006 David A. Mellis
wiring_analog.c - modified 28 September 2010 by Mark Sproul
wiring_analog.c - Part of Arduino - http://arduino.cc
$Id: wiring.c 248 2007-02-03 15:36:30Z mellis $
*/
#include "wiring_private.h"
#include "pins_arduino.h"
uint8_t analog_reference = DEFAULT;
void analogReference(uint8_t mode)
{
// can't actually set the register here because the default setting
// will connect AVCC and the AREF pin, which would cause a short if
// there's something connected to AREF.
analog_reference = mode;
}
// Read Analog Differential without gain (read datashet of ATMega1280 and ATMega2560 for refference)
// Use analogReadDiff(NUM)
// NUM | POS PIN | NEG PIN | GAIN
// 0 | A0 | A1 | 1x
// 1 | A1 | A1 | 1x
// 2 | A2 | A1 | 1x
// 3 | A3 | A1 | 1x
// 4 | A4 | A1 | 1x
// 5 | A5 | A1 | 1x
// 6 | A6 | A1 | 1x
// 7 | A7 | A1 | 1x
// 8 | A8 | A9 | 1x
// 9 | A9 | A9 | 1x
// 10 | A10 | A9 | 1x
// 11 | A11 | A9 | 1x
// 12 | A12 | A9 | 1x
// 13 | A13 | A9 | 1x
// 14 | A14 | A9 | 1x
// 15 | A15 | A9 | 1x
int analogReadDiff(uint8_t pin)
{
uint8_t low, high;
#if defined(__AVR_ATmega1280__) || defined(__AVR_ATmega2560__)
if (pin >= 54) pin -= 54; // allow for channel or pin numbers
#elif defined(__AVR_ATmega32U4__)
if (pin >= 18) pin -= 18; // allow for channel or pin numbers
#elif defined(__AVR_ATmega1284__)
if (pin >= 24) pin -= 24; // allow for channel or pin numbers
#else
if (pin >= 14) pin -= 14; // allow for channel or pin numbers
#endif
#if defined(__AVR_ATmega32U4__)
pin = analogPinToChannel(pin);
ADCSRB = (ADCSRB & ~(1 << MUX5)) | (((pin >> 3) & 0x01) << MUX5);
#elif defined(ADCSRB) && defined(MUX5)
// the MUX5 bit of ADCSRB selects whether we're reading from channels
// 0 to 7 (MUX5 low) or 8 to 15 (MUX5 high).
ADCSRB = (ADCSRB & ~(1 << MUX5)) | (((pin >> 3) & 0x01) << MUX5);
#endif
// set the analog reference (high two bits of ADMUX) and select the
// channel (low 4 bits). this also sets ADLAR (left-adjust result)
// to 0 (the default).
#if defined(ADMUX)
ADMUX = (analog_reference << 6) | ((pin | 0x10) & 0x1F);
#endif
// without a delay, we seem to read from the wrong channel
//delay(1);
#if defined(ADCSRA) && defined(ADCL)
// start the conversion
sbi(ADCSRA, ADSC);
// ADSC is cleared when the conversion finishes
while (bit_is_set(ADCSRA, ADSC));
// we have to read ADCL first; doing so locks both ADCL
// and ADCH until ADCH is read. reading ADCL second would
// cause the results of each conversion to be discarded,
// as ADCL and ADCH would be locked when it completed.
low = ADCL;
high = ADCH;
#else
// we dont have an ADC, return 0
low = 0;
high = 0;
#endif
// combine the two bytes
return (high << 8) | low;
}
// Read Analog Differential with gain (read datashet of ATMega1280 and ATMega2560 for refference)
// Use analogReadGain(NUM)
// NUM | POS PIN | NEG PIN | GAIN
// 0 | A0 | A0 | 10x
// 1 | A1 | A0 | 10x
// 2 | A0 | A0 | 200x
// 3 | A1 | A0 | 200x
// 4 | A2 | A2 | 10x
// 5 | A3 | A2 | 10x
// 6 | A2 | A2 | 200x
// 7 | A3 | A2 | 200x
// 8 | A8 | A8 | 10x
// 9 | A9 | A8 | 10x
// 10 | A8 | A8 | 200x
// 11 | A9 | A8 | 200x
// 12 | A10 | A10 | 10x
// 13 | A11 | A10 | 10x
// 14 | A10 | A10 | 200x
// 15 | A11 | A10 | 200x
int analogReadGain(uint8_t pin)
{
uint8_t low, high;
#if defined(__AVR_ATmega1280__) || defined(__AVR_ATmega2560__)
if (pin >= 54) pin -= 54; // allow for channel or pin numbers
#elif defined(__AVR_ATmega32U4__)
if (pin >= 18) pin -= 18; // allow for channel or pin numbers
#elif defined(__AVR_ATmega1284__)
if (pin >= 24) pin -= 24; // allow for channel or pin numbers
#else
if (pin >= 14) pin -= 14; // allow for channel or pin numbers
#endif
#if defined(__AVR_ATmega32U4__)
pin = analogPinToChannel(pin);
ADCSRB = (ADCSRB & ~(1 << MUX5)) | (((pin >> 3) & 0x01) << MUX5);
#elif defined(ADCSRB) && defined(MUX5)
// the MUX5 bit of ADCSRB selects whether we're reading from channels
// 0 to 7 (MUX5 low) or 8 to 15 (MUX5 high).
ADCSRB = (ADCSRB & ~(1 << MUX5)) | (((pin >> 3) & 0x01) << MUX5);
#endif
// set the analog reference (high two bits of ADMUX) and select the
// channel (low 4 bits). this also sets ADLAR (left-adjust result)
// to 0 (the default).
#if defined(ADMUX)
ADMUX = (analog_reference << 6) | ((pin | 0x08) & 0x0F);
#endif
// without a delay, we seem to read from the wrong channel
//delay(1);
#if defined(ADCSRA) && defined(ADCL)
// start the conversion
sbi(ADCSRA, ADSC);
// ADSC is cleared when the conversion finishes
while (bit_is_set(ADCSRA, ADSC));
// we have to read ADCL first; doing so locks both ADCL
// and ADCH until ADCH is read. reading ADCL second would
// cause the results of each conversion to be discarded,
// as ADCL and ADCH would be locked when it completed.
low = ADCL;
high = ADCH;
#else
// we dont have an ADC, return 0
low = 0;
high = 0;
#endif
// combine the two bytes
return (high << 8) | low;
}For using this library, follow this procedure:
- Download this AnalogDiff library first. (download here)
- Extract to anywhere on your disk.
- Copy AnalogDiff folder file to this directory: <arduino_dir>/libraries. Else, just copy wiring_differential.c to <arduino_dir>/hardware/arduino/cores/arduino
- Add this library into your code first by writing #include <wiring_differential.c>
Use analogReadDiff(num) on your code for read analog input in differential mode without gain or use analogReadGain(num) for read analog input with gain. Please refer to this table below for num inside and analog input pin for your input.
Actually, for this now I just test for differential on A0 and A1 channel with AnalogReadDiff(0). Another test applied on Analog read differential with 10x gain by using AnalogReadGain(1) and 200x gain with AnalogReadGain(3). Please correct me about the table (I think something went wrong about pin numbering).
This is a simple sample code how to use differential ADC and gain ADC, modified from Analog Read Serial basic sample code (compiled with Arduino 1.0.1).
/*
AnalogReadSerial
Reads an analog input on pin 0, prints the result to the serial monitor.
Attach the center pin of a potentiometer to pin A0, and the outside pins to +5V and ground.
This example code is in the public domain.
*/
#include <wiring_differential.c>
// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
// initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
Serial.begin(9600);
}
// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
// read the input on analog pin 0:
int sensorSended = analogRead(A0); // reading single ended input A0 - GND
int sensorDiff = analogReadDiff(0); // reading differential A0 - A1
int sensorGain10 = analogReadGain(1); // reading differential gain 10x A0 - A1
int sensorGain200 = analogReadGain(3); // reading diferential gain 200x A0 - A1
// arrange integer value (read ATMega 2560 Datashet p.288) figure 26-15
if (sensorDiff > 511 )
{
sensorDiff = sensorDiff - 1023 ;
}
if (sensorGain10 < 511 )
{
sensorGain10 = -1 * sensorGain10 ;
}
else
{
sensorGain10 = -1 * ( sensorGain10 - 1023 ) ;
}
if ( sensorGain200 < 511 )
{
sensorGain200 = -1 * sensorGain200 ;
}
else
{
sensorGain200 = -1 * ( sensorGain200 - 1023 ) ;
}
Serial.print("Single ended reading : ");
Serial.println(sensorSended);
Serial.print("Differential reading : ");
Serial.println(sensorDiff);
Serial.print("Differential 10x gain reading : ");
Serial.println(sensorGain10);
Serial.print("Differential 200x gain reading : ");
Serial.println(sensorGain200);
delay(1000); // delay for a while
}Update: March, 27th 2013